Chemical compositions, radical scavenging capacities and antimicrobial activities in seeds of Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata from Turkey / Composições químicas, capacidades radicais eliminadoras e atividades antimicrobianas em sementes de Satureja hortensis L. e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata da Turquia

Abstract The present study determined some biological compounds, radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial capacity in seeds of Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata. Alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n3) has been found to be the major polyunsaturated fatty acid of Satureja hortensis L. (66.24 ± 1.24%) and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata (48.17 ± 1.01%). Linoleic acid (C18:2 n6) is identified as the second major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the present study and oleic acid (C18:1 n9) is determined as the major monounsaturated fatty acid. Current study showed that Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata have low levels of saturated fatty acids. It has been demonstrated that ergosterol (263.1 ± 2.14 µg/g), stigmasterol (39.07 ± 0.91 µg/g) and beta-sitosterol (14.64 ± 0.49 µg/g) have been found in Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata, while ergosterol (69.41 ± 1.75 µg/g) and beta-sitosterol (19.81 ± 1.14 µg/g) have been determined in Satureja hortensis L. Also, this study determined that Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata have low lipide-soluble vitamin content. Furthermore, it has been found that Satureja hortensis L. contains naringenin (612.57 ± 2.57 µg/g), morin (86.97 ± 1.12 µg/g), quercetin (22.87 ± 0.75 µg/g), and kaempferol (20.11 ± 0.94 µg/g) while naringenin (135.91 ± 1.91 µg/g), naringin (61.23 ± 2.15 µg/g) and quercetin (47.51 ± 1.17 µg/g) have been detected as major flavonoids in the seeds of Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata. The results of the present study suggest that methanol extracts of Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata have significant free radical scavenging activity. The present results revealed that Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata showed major activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, fungi and yeast.

Resumo O presente estudo determinou alguns compostos biológicos, atividade de eliminação de radicais e capacidade antimicrobiana em sementes de Satureja hortensis L. e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata. O ácido alfa-linolênico (C18: 3 n3) foi o principal ácido graxo poliinsaturado de Satureja hortensis L. (66,24 ± 1,24%) e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata (48,17 ± 1,01%). O ácido linoléico (C18: 2 n6) é identificado como o segundo principal ácido graxo poliinsaturado no presente estudo e o ácido oleico (C18: 1 n9) é determinado como o principal ácido graxo monoinsaturado. O estudo atual mostrou que Satureja hortensis L. e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata tem baixos níveis de ácidos graxos saturados. Foi demonstrado que ergosterol (263,1 ± 2,14 µg/g), estigmasterol (39,07 ± 0,91 µg/g) e beta-sitosterol (14,64 ± 0,49 µg/g) foram encontrados em Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata, enquanto o ergosterol (69,41 ± 1,75 µg/g) e beta-sitosterol (19,81 ± 1,14 µg/g) também foram determinados em Satureja hortensis L., este estudo determinou que Satureja hortensis L. e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata tem baixo teor de vitaminas lipossolúveis. Além disso, verificou-se que S. hortensis L. contém naringenina (612,57 ± 2,57 µg/g), morina (86,97 ± 1,12 µg/g), quercetina (22,87 ± 0,75 µg/g) e kaempferol (20,11 ± 0,94 µg/g) enquanto a naringenina (135,91 ± 1,91 µg/g), a naringina (61,23 ± 2,15 µg/g) e a quercetina (47,51 ± 1,17 µg/g) foram detectadas como flavonóides importantes nas sementes de Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que os extratos metanólicos de S. hortensis L. e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata tem significativa atividade de eliminação de radicais livres. Os presentes resultados revelaram que Satureja hortensis L. e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata mostrou atividade importante contra microrganismos gram-positivos e gram-negativos, fungos e leveduras.

Actividad antibacteriana de aceite esencial de Mentha spicata L. sobre flora mixta salival / Antibacterial activity of essential oil of Mentha spicata L. on mixed salivary flora

En el presente estudio se determinó la actividad antibacteriana in vitro de aceite esencial de Mentha spicata L. a concentraciones del 25%, 50% y100% sobre flora mixta salival. El tipo de estudio fue prospectivo, transversal, experimental. La población la conformaron trabajadores de la Facultad de Odontología de la UNMSM durante el año 2013 La muestra la conformaron 15 trabajadores elegidos aleatoriamente. Como control positivo se usó: Clorhexidina 2 % y como control negativo: alcohol etílico de 96°. Para la extracción del aceite esencial se usó 3500 gramos de hojas frescas de Mentha spicata L. Se trataron en un sistema de hidrodestilación (HD) con arrastre de vapor de agua a presión y temperatura controlada durante 2 horas. La muestra salival se obtuvo directamente de la cavidad bucal por aspiración, con una jeringa hipodérmica estéril de 5 ml obteniéndose una muestra de 1- 2 ml de saliva no estimulada por persona. Se determinó la actividad antibacteriana in vitro por el método de Difusión en Agar. Para el análisis estadístico: Los datos fueron procesados y analizados en el programa estadístico SPSS v15. El análisis descriptivo de la variable dependiente en los grupos de estudio y control; se realizó a través de la media y mediana como medidas de centro y la desviación estándar y rango intercuartílico como medidas de dispersión junto con los valores mínimo y máximo. Para determinar la presencia de distribución normal y homocedasticidad de los datos se aplicó la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk y de Levene respectivamente. Para comparar las medias entre los grupos se utilizó la prueba ANOVA de un factor, y luego la comparación por pares se realizó con la prueba de Games-Howell no asumiendo varianzas iguales. Se concluye que el aceite esencial tiene un rendimiento del 0,128 % v/p. El aceite esencial de Mentha spicata L. al 25% no presenta actividad antibacteriana. El aceite esencial de Mentha spicata L. al 50% y al 100 % presentan igual actividad antibacteriana. La actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial de Mentha spicata L. al 50% y al 100 % es significativamente mayor al control negativo, pero significativamente menor con relación al de la clorhexidina al 2%.

Cálcio e fitorreguladores no desenvolvimento e estado nutricional de Mentha spicata x suaveolens cultivada em solução nutritiva / Calcium and plant growth regulators on the development and nutritional status of Mentha spicata x suaveolens cultivated in nutrient solution

O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o desenvolvimento e o estado nutricional de Mentha spicata x suaveolens cultivada em diferentes níveis de Calcio em solução nutritiva com aplicação de fitorreguladores. O experimento constou de esquema fatorial (4x4) sendo quatro níveis de Ca2+ na solução nutritiva (160, 120, 80 e 40 mg L-1) e três aplicações foliares, com intervalos de 15 dias, de ácido naftaleno acético (NAA), ácido giberélico (GA3), benzinaladenina (BA) e água destilada como testemunha. As plantas foram coletadas 60 dias após a transferência para a solução e avaliadas as variáveis, matéria fresca e seca, área foliar e número de folhas; volume, comprimento e superfície radiculares e teores de Ca, K, Mg, N e P das folhas. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os níveis de Ca para a produção de biomassa. A auxina não influenciou a matéria seca das plantas, embora tenha aumentado os teores foliares de Ca; a citocinina acarretou diminuição da matéria seca total e a giberelina aumento da matéria seca do caule. A variação de Ca2+ não influenciou os teores foliares de N, P, K e Mg. Houve resposta para aplicação de Ca2+, com teores foliares atingindo o máximo de 15,73 mg kg-1 na dose de 137,81 mg L-1 pela análise de regressão

This study aimed to verify the development and the nutritional status of Mentha spicata x suaveolens cultivated under different Ca2+ levels in nutrient solution with application of plant growth regulators. The experiment was in factorial design (4X4) with four Ca2+ levels in the nutrient solution (160, 120, 80 and 40 mg L-1) and three leaf applications, at 15-day intervals, of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), benzyladenine (BA) and distilled water as control. Plants were harvested at 60 days after transferring to the nutrient solution and the following variables were evaluated fresh and dried matter, leaf area, number of leaves, volume, length and surface of roots, and leaf content of Ca, K, Mg, N and P. The variables were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey's test. There were no differences between Ca levels for biomass production. The auxin did not influence the dry matter of plants although it increased the leaf content of Ca2+, the cytokinin reduced total dry matter and the gibberellin increased the stem dry matter. The change in Ca2+ did not influence the leaf content of N, P, K and Mg. There was response for the application of Ca2+, reaching the maximum of 15.73 mg L-1 leaf content at the level of 137.81 mg L-1, according to regression analysis

Effect of spearmint oil on lipopolysaccharide induced emphysema-like changes and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of spearmint oil on emphysema-like changes and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta(IL-1beta), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-9) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated rats.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Emphysematous changes model was induced by intratracheal instillation of LPS once a week for up to 8 weeks in rats. Rats were divided into control, dexamethasone (0.3 mg x kg(-1)), and spearmint oil (10, 30,100 mg x kg(-1)) groups. Each group was treated with saline, dexamethasone, and spearmint of oil respectively for 4 weeks. Then total and different white blood cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) were carried out. The pathologic changes of lung tissue such as alveolar structure, airway inflammation, and goblet cell metaplasia were observed by HE and AB-PAS staining. Expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, TIMP-1 and MMP-9 were measured.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Both spearmint and dexamethasone decreased the destruction of pulmonary alveolus. The total and different white blood cell counts in BALF including neutrophile and lymphocyte of spearmint oil 100 mg x kg(-1) and dexamethasone group were significantly reduced, and the goblet cell metaplasia was also inhibited. Dexamethasone had inhibitory effect on the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, TIMP-1 and MMP-9. Spearmint oil 30, 100 mg x kg(-1) significantly reduced TNF-alpha and IL-1beta respectively. Spearmint oil 10, 30 and 100 mg x kg(-1) had no effect on the expression of TIMP-1, but could decrease the expression of MMP-9 significantly in lung tissues.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Spearmint oil has protective effect on rats with emphysematous changes, since it improves alveolar destruction, pulmonary inflammation, and goblet cell metaplasia. The mechanism may include reducing TNF-alpha, IL-1beta content and inhibiting overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in lung tissues.</p>

Comparison of antioxidant and anti-radical activities of methanolic extract of edible leafy vegetables

Aerobic organisms have efficient antioxidant systems but diet can reduce oxidative stress through antioxidants supplementation. It seems that oxidative stress has a major role in cancer, atherosclerosis and aging process. This research was conducted in order to assess and compare the antioxidant and antiradical properties of edible leafy vegetable [Leek, Garden Cress, Spearmint, Basil, Tarragon and Coriander]. Methanolic extracts of dried vegetables were prepared and their antioxidant and antiradical properties were determined using linoleic acid emulsion system and DPPH method respectively. It was shown that highest extraction yield [11.62%] was belonged to Garden Cress and Basil had least [4.42%] extraction yield. Methanolic extract of tarragon had best efficiency in acid linoleic emulsion [induction period was 60.3h when control was 13.4h]. In DPPH system, Spearmint and tarragon showed highest activity though minimum IC50 [216 micrograms/milliliter] was belonged to spearmint. This was even smaller than of IC50 of BHT though the differences between Spearmint, BHT and tarragon were not significant. Leek had Highest IC50 [11675 micrograms/milliliter] as calculated by extrapolation. It was concluded that tarragon and spearmint have highest antiradical and antioxidant activity

Evaluation of oils from the plants mentha sativa,] ocimum basilicum and cinnamomum camphor on survival, hepatic enzymes activities and protein electrophoresis of biomphalaria Alexandrina snails

Three plant oils from the plants Spearmint, Basil and Camphor were tested for their molluscicidal activity against Biomaphalaria alexandrina snails. Spearmint oil was more toxic than the other two oils against B. alexandrina. Its Lc50 was 42 ppm; meanwhile the values were 500 and 560 ppm for Basil and Camphor, respectively. Spearmint oil, also, showed a more deleterious effect against both miracidia and cercariae of S. mansoni than the other two oils, all of them were killed after 15 min of exposure to 70 ppm. The present results indicated that the alterations in total protein concentrations in tissues of treated snails were not significantly different from that of control ones. It was noticed, also, that the increase in the activity of ALT enzyme and the decrease in that of AlkP enzyme in tissues of treated snails were not significantly different than that of control snails. However, Spearmint oil at 32 and 42 ppm significantly decreased the activities of AST and ACP activities in snail's tissues in comparison with control ones. The electrophoretic [SDS-PAGE] pattern of tissue soluble proteins extracted from treated and controls B. alexandrina snails showed different plant oils effects on the synthesis of protein within snails yielded a complex pattern of polypeptides ranging in molecular weight between 14.7 to 304.6 KDa. Some bands were present in treated snails especially at Camphor oil and at 500ppm of Basil oil. At least, three bands were absent from tissues of snails treated with 42ppm of Spearmint oil in comparison with control group. The molecular weights of these bands are 14.9, 15.7 and 17.0 KDa. It was, also observed that total number of bands in snails treated with Basil or Camphor oil was more [15-17 bands] than that of control group [13 bands]

Effect of Spearmint oil on inflammation, oxidative alteration and Nrf2 expression in lung tissue of COPD rats / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of Spearmint oil on inflammation, oxidative alteration and Nrf2 expression in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>COPD model was induced by intratracheal instillation of Klebsiella pneumonia and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 12 weeks in rats, and COPD rats were treated with Spearmint oil for 3 weeks. After COPD was induced, the pathological changes, changes in leucocyte number in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), MDA in lung homogenate and Nrf2 expression were observed. The effects of Spearmint oil on these changes were determined.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Spearmint oil 100 mg*kg(-1)significantly reduced leucocyte numbers in BALF, and attenuated bronchiolitis, pulmonary interstitial inflammation and inflammation cell infiltration. Spearmint oil 30-300 mg*kg(-1)decreased the destruction of pulmonary alveolus and the thickness of bronchioles walls, and inhibited goblet cell proliferation. Spearmint oil significantly reduced MDA in lung homogenate, and decreased the expression of Nrf2 protein in lung tissues.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Spearmint oil has protective effect on lung injury in COPD rats, since it improves pulmonary inflammation,oxidative alteration, and enhances Nrf2 protein expression.</p>

Study of chemical constituents in active parts of Mentha spicata III / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents of Mentha spicata.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The chemical constituents were isolated by silica gel column chromatography, and identified by physical and chemical characters and spectroscopic analysis.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Compounds I - V were obtained and their structures were elucidated as protocatechuic aldehyde (I), protocatechuic acid (II), chrysoeriol (III), 5, 6-dihydroxy-7, 8, 3', 4'-tetramethoxyflavone (IV), nodifloretin (V).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compound I and II were first isolated from the genus Mentha. Compound Ill, IV and V were isolated from M. spicata for the first time.</p>

[Comparative efficacy of addermint [mentha spicata], phenylbutazone and dam cream in cattle acute mastitis]

Mastitis as a widely spread health problem does not only cause the largest economic disease-related losses in dairy farms, but also is responsible for the extended use of antibiotics in these enterprises. As this disease is considered multifactorial, development of new infection depends both on the presence of mastitis pathogens and a series of additional factors that act concomitantly. Therefore, for treatment and prevention of mastitis, determination of these factors is necessary. Antibiotic therapy is the common choice to control acute mastitis, but it is necessary to look for new options like immune modulators to better work out this problem and support the treatments. The current study was to evaluate the use of softener cream with Mentha spicata [Addermint[R]] therapy as a supportive treatment in management of acute mastitis in Holstein cattle. In a large dairy farm, 120 clinical cases [Class II acute Mastitis] were divided into three groups [A, B and C]. All of the animals had received an antibacterial therapy including 50ml of oxytetracycline 5% IV and one tube of Tetranebalone[R] intramamary infusion every 12 hours. Addermint[R], Phenylbutazone or Dam cream[R] liniments were used on external skin of udders in A, B and C groups every 8 hours, respectively. Milk samples were taken from each cow prior to the treatment and were cultured on blood and MacConkey agar media. The genuses of isolated bacteria were determined microscopically and by results of biochemical reactions. Daily inspection of milk and udder were recorded. The withdrawal time of treated cows was 3 days and recurrent cases were recorded for the following 30 days. The results of this study showed that, E. coli had the highest incidence in positive cultures [n=46] followed by Staphylococcus spp. [n=19] in 72.5% of positive cultures. No bacterium was isolated in 27.5% of cultures. Bacillus spp. [n=12], Streptococcus spp. [n=3], Klebsiella spp. [n=4] and Corynebacterium spp. [n=3] were isolated in 10%, 2.5%, 3.5% and 2.5% of cultures, respectively. The recovery times were 26.7, 26.9 and 44.9 hrs. In A, B and C groups, respectively. The recurrence percentiles were 32.5%, 42.5% and 45% in A, B and C groups, respectively. Our results showed that softener cream [Adder mint] usage is more effective than phenylbutazone and Dam cream in supporting the antibiotic treatment. It reduced the treatment period, withdrawal time and recurrence, dramatically

Chemical Composition of French and Russian Spearmint Oils (Mentha spicata) Cultivated in Vietnam

French spearmint was imported into Vietnam in 1996 and cultivated in Ha Noi. In the first year, it was cultivated by seeds and since the second year it has been planted by stolons. Every year, planting is done in February – March and the crop reaches full blooming in June. The Russian cultivar is also cultivated in Sa Pa (Lao Cai province). Both samples of Mentha spicata essential oil were analyzed by GC/RI, GC/MS and 13C-NMR. In total, 39 compounds have been identified, 28 in the first sample, 31 in the second.

A study on chemical constituents in the herb of Mentha spicata / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the constituents of anti-inflammatory and hemostatic active sites of Mentha spicata.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Chemical constituents were separated by solvent method and chromatography and identified by physicochemical properties and spectroscopic methods.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The structures were identified as ursane I, 3-methoxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde II, veratric acid III, 5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone IV, diosmetin(V), thymonin VI, daucosterol VII.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Among them, compounds I, II, III were first obtained from M. genus, IV, VI were separated from M. spicta for the first time.</p>